步进电机的失步和过冲现象

Release time:

2014-10-22

步进电机是装备制造机械中的通用机械配件，主要起到着一种驱动的作用。在使用过程中一定要注意对其速度进行有效的控制，避免其发生失步和过冲的现象。对步进电机了解比较深入的人都能察觉到步进电机发生失步和过冲的现象主要是发生在启动和停止的时候，因此在这两个时间段里一定要做好准备。　　

在一些控制简单或要求成本低的运动控制系统中，经常用步进电机做执行元件。步进电机在这种应用场合下的最大优势是:可以用开环方式而无需反馈就能对位置和速度进行控制。　　

由于负载位置对控制电路没有反馈，步进电机就必须正确响应每次励磁变化。如果励磁频率选择不当，电机不能够移到新的位置，那么实际的负载位置相对于控制器所期待的位置来说将出现永久误差，即发生失步现象或过冲现象。因此，在步进电机开环控制系统中，如何防止失步和过冲现象是系统能否正常运行的关键。　　

步进电机的失步和过冲现象分别出现在启动和停止的时候。在步进电机启动时，如果运行的速度小于极限启动频率，则可以直接按要求的速度运行，否则必须要有一个加速过程。一般情况下，系统的极限启动频率比较低，而要求的运行速度往往比较高。　　

如果系统以要求的运行速度直接启动，因为该速度已超过步进电机的极限启动频率而不能正常启动，轻则可能发生失步，重则根本不能启动，产生堵转。当步进电机停止运转时，则必须有一个减速过程。系统运行启动以后，如果被控对象达到终点时立即令其停止，则由于系统惯性作用，电机转子会转过平衡位置。如果负载的惯性很大，会使步进电机转子转到接近终点平衡位置的下一个平衡位置，并在该位置停下，从而产生过冲。

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